Kālanirṇaya

The work Kālanirṇaya is attributed to Mādhavācārya and is also known by the titles Kālamādhava or Kālamādhavīya. It is a Dharmaśāstra text concerned with calendrical calculations and the determination of time according to traditional Hindu methods. Although the complete Kālanirṇaya is said to consist of five prakaraṇas (sections). The manuscript consists five sections. First chapter (f. 1a–16b) The first (Upotghāta) deals with a scholastic disquisition on time and its real nature. the 2nd ( called vatsara ) speaks of the year, its various lengths according as it is Candra, sāvana or saura, of the two ayanas, of the seasons and their number, of the months ( candra and saura ), of the intercalary months, and the religious acts allowed and forbidden in intercalary months, of the two pakṣas (fortnights). Third -the nature of the tithi, the method of determining its duration, and the sequence of the fifteen tithis within a pakṣa. It also explains the two kinds of pakṣas—Śukla pakṣa (the waxing fortnight) and Kṛṣṇa pakṣa (the waning fortnight)—and their role in calculating lunar days and ritual observances. the fourth ( dvitīyadi-tithi-prakarana ) extends the application of the rules about Pratipada to the tithis from the second to the fifteenth and decides on what tithi ( whether intermixed with the preceding or the following ) certain vratas, such as Gaurivrata on the third, Janmāṣtami on the 8th, were to be performed ; the fifth ( praktrijdka i. e. miscellaneous ) deals with rules about the determination of Nakṣtra for various acts, the yogas andkaraṇa̍s, and rules about saṁkrānti and eclipses and the actions proper for them. Title from colophon (f. 175a); alternate title from title page (f. 1a).It is written in 11 lines per leaf.; 175 leaves are foliated 1–175, upper left and lower right verso. Mistakes are covered over in yellow or blacked out; some corrections and additions in margins; significant syllables, words, or phrases highlighted in red throughout; vertical margins marked with double red and black lines.